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Front page of on, 11 November 1918. A newspaper is a containing written. Newspapers can cover wide variety of fields such as politics, business, sport and art and often include materials such as opinion columns, weather forecasts, reviews of local services, birth notices, and columns.
Most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of revenue, and revenue. The organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often called newspapers. Newspapers have traditionally been published (usually on cheap, low-grade called ). However, today most newspapers are also on as, and some have even abandoned their print versions entirely. Newspapers developed in the 17th century, as information sheets for businessmen.
By the early 19th century, many cities in Europe, as well as North and South America, published newspapers. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high journalism quality, and large circulation are viewed as. Contents. Overview Newspapers are typically published. Are also weekly, but they have a format.
United States Newspapers. Links to over 3,300 United States Newspapers. Click a state below for a list of links to newspapers in that state.
General-interest newspapers typically publish and on national and international news as well as. The news includes, crime, weather, and natural disasters;, and computers and technology;; and, food and cooking, clothing and home fashion, and. Usually the paper is divided into sections for each of those major groupings (labeled A, B, C, and so on, with pagination prefixes yielding page numbers A1-A20, B1-B20, C1-C20, and so on). Most traditional papers also feature an editorial page containing written by an editor (or by the paper's editorial board) and expressing an opinion on a public issue, opinion articles called ' written by guest writers (which are typically in the same section as the editorial), and that express the personal opinions of, usually offering analysis and synthesis that attempts to translate the raw of the news into information telling the reader 'what it all means' and persuading them to concur. Papers also include articles which have no; these articles are written by staff writers. A wide variety of material has been published in newspapers. Besides the aforementioned news, information and opinions, they include weather forecasts; criticism and reviews of the arts (including, and ) and of local services such as restaurants;, birth notices and graduation announcements; entertainment features such as crosswords, horoscopes, and; columns, and other columns; and radio and television listings (program schedules).
Battlefield 3. As of 2017, newspapers may also provide information about new movies and TV shows available on services like. Newspapers have sections where people and businesses can buy small advertisements to sell goods or services; as of 2013, the huge increase in websites for selling goods, such as and has led to significantly less classified ad sales for newspapers. Most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of revenue, and advertising revenue (other businesses or individuals pay to place advertisements in the pages, including, and ). Some newspapers are government-run or at least government-funded; their reliance on advertising revenue and on profitability is less critical to their survival. The of a newspaper is thus always subject to the of someone, whether owners, advertisers, or a government. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high journalism quality, and large circulation are viewed as. Many newspapers, besides employing journalists on their own payrolls, also subscribe to (wire services) (such as the, or ), which employ journalists to find, assemble, and report the news, then sell the to the various newspapers.
This is a way to avoid duplicating the expense of reporting from around the world. Circa 2005, there were approximately 6,580 daily newspaper titles in the world selling 395 million print copies a day (in the U.S., 1,450 titles selling 55 million copies). The, combined with the rapid growth of free web-based alternatives, has helped cause a decline in advertising and circulation, as many papers had to retrench operations to stanch the losses. Worldwide annual revenue approached $100 billion in 2005-7, then plunged during the worldwide financial crisis of 2008-9. Revenue in 2016 fell to only $53 billion, hurting every major publisher as their efforts to gain online income fell far short of the goal.
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The decline in advertising revenues affected both the print and online media as well as all other mediums; print advertising was once lucrative but has greatly declined, and the prices of are often lower than those of their print precursors. Besides remodeling advertising, the internet (especially the ) has also challenged the business models of the print-only era by both publishing in general (sharing information with others) and, more specifically, (the work of finding, assembling, and reporting the news).
In addition, the rise of, which bundle linked articles from many online newspapers and other sources, influences the flow of. Increasing of online newspapers may be counteracting those effects.
The oldest newspaper still published is the, which was established in in 1645. Definitions Newspapers typically meet four criteria:. Public accessibility: Its contents are reasonably accessible to the public, traditionally by the paper being sold or distributed at newsstands, shops, and libraries, and, since the 1990s, made available over the with websites. While online newspapers have increased access to newspapers by people with Internet access, people without Internet or computer access (e.g., and people living in remote or rural regions may, and thus will not be able to read online news). Is also a factor which prevents from being able to benefit from reading newspapers (paper or online).: They are published at regular intervals, typically daily or weekly. This ensures that newspapers can provide information on newly-emerging news stories or events.
Currency: Its information is as up to date as its publication schedule allows. The degree of up-to-date-ness of a print newspaper is limited by the need of time to print and distribute the newspaper.
In major cities, there may be a morning edition and a later edition of the same day's paper, so that the later edition can incorporate that have occurred since the morning edition was printed. Online newspapers can be updated as frequently as new information becomes available, even a number of times per day, which means that online editions can be very up-to-date. Universality: Newspapers covers a range of topics, from political and business news to updates on science and technology, arts, culture, and entertainment. History Gazettes and bulletins In, or government announcement bulletins, were produced. They were carved in metal or stone and posted in public places.
In China, early government-produced news-sheets, called, circulated among court officials during the late (second and third centuries AD). Between 713 and 734, the ('Bulletin of the Court') of the Chinese published government news; it was handwritten on silk and read by government officials. In 1582, there was the first reference to privately published newssheets in Beijing, during the late. In, the increased cross-border interaction created a rising need for information which was met by concise handwritten news-sheets. In 1556, the government of first published the monthly, which cost one gazette, a small coin.
These were handwritten newsletters and used to convey political, military, and economic news quickly and efficiently to Italian cities (1500–1700)—sharing some characteristics of newspapers though usually not considered true newspapers. However, none of these publications fully met the classical criteria for proper newspapers, as they were typically not intended for the general public and restricted to a certain range of topics.
Newspapers. Title page of Carolus' from 1609, the earliest newspaper The emergence of the new media in the 17th century has to be seen in close connection with the from which the publishing derives its name. The German-language, printed from 1605 onwards by in, is often recognized as the first newspaper. At the time, Strasbourg was a in the; the first newspaper of was the, published in 1609 in. The Dutch ('Courant from Italy, Germany, etc.' ) of 1618 was the first to appear in., a center of world trade, quickly became home to newspapers in many languages, often before they were published in their own country.
The first English-language newspaper, Corrant out of Italy, Germany, etc., was published in Amsterdam in 1620. A year and a half later, Corante, or weekely newes from Italy, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Bohemia, France and the Low Countreys.
Was published in England by an 'N.B.' (generally thought to be either or ) and.
The first newspaper in France was published in 1631, (originally published as Gazette de France). The first newspaper in Portugal, was published in 1641 in. The first Spanish newspaper, was published in 1661. Post- och Inrikes Tidningar (founded as Ordinari Post Tijdender) was first published in Sweden in 1645, and is the oldest newspaper still in existence, though it now publishes solely online.
From, first published in 1656, is the oldest paper still printed. It was forced to merge with the newspaper in 1942 when Germany occupied the Netherlands. Since then the Haarlems Dagblad has appeared with the subtitle Oprechte Haerlemse Courant 1656. Was published in, Poland in 1661.
The first successful English daily, was published from 1702 to 1735. Americas.
Main articles:, and During the in China (618–906), the published the government news; it was onto paper. It is sometimes considered one of the earliest newspapers to be published. The first recorded attempt to found a newspaper of the modern type in South Asia was by, a Dutchman in the employ of the British East India Company in September 1768 in Calcutta. However, before he could begin his newspaper, he was deported back to Europe.
A few years later, the first newsprint from this region, was published by an Irishman,. He used it as a means to criticize the British rule through journalism. Middle East. Main article: are published once a week, and tend to be smaller than daily papers. Some newspapers are published two or three times a week and are known as biweekly publications.
Some publications are published, for example, fortnightly (or bimonthly in American parlance). They have a change from normal weekly day of the week during the Christmas period depending the day of the week is falling on. Geographical scope and distribution Local or regional A local newspaper serves a region such as a city, or part of a large city. Almost every market has one or two newspapers that dominate the area. Large metropolitan newspapers often have large distribution networks, and can be found outside their normal area, sometimes widely, sometimes from fewer sources. National.
International newspapers on sale in, France There is also a small group of newspapers which may be characterized as international newspapers. Some, such as, (formerly The International Herald Tribune) have always had that focus, while others are repackaged national newspapers or 'international editions' of national or large metropolitan newspapers. In some cases, articles that might not interest the wider range of readers are omitted from international editions; in others, of interest to, significant national news is retained. As English became the international language of business and technology, many newspapers formerly published only in non-English languages have also developed English-language editions. In places as varied as and, newspapers are printed for a local and international English-speaking public, and for tourists. The advent of the Internet has also allowed non-English-language newspapers to put out a scaled-down English version to give their newspaper a global outreach.
Similarly, in many countries with a large foreign-language-speaking population or many tourists, newspapers in languages other than the national language are both published locally and imported. For example, newspapers and magazines from many countries, and, are readily to be found on news-stands in central London. In the US state of, so many tourists from the French-speaking Canadian province of visit for long stays during the winter (') that some newsstands and stores sell French-language newspapers such as. Subject matter General newspapers cover all topics, with different emphasis. While at least mentioning all topics, some might have good coverage of international events of importance; others might concentrate more on national or local entertainment or sports.
Specialised newspapers might concentrate more specifically on, for example, financial matters. There are publications covering exclusively sports, or certain sports, horse-racing, theatre, and so on, although they may no longer be called newspapers. Technology. Soldiers in an tank unit reading about the erection of the in 1961 in the newspaper Print For centuries newspapers were printed on paper and supplied physically to readers either by local distribution, or in some cases by mail, for example for British expatriates living in India or Hong Kong who subscribed to British newspapers. Newspapers can be delivered to subscribers homes and/or businesses by a paper's own delivery people, sent via the, sold at, and, and delivered to and. Newspaper organizations need a large distribution system to deliver their papers to these different distributors, which typically involves delivery trucks and delivery people. In recent years, newspapers and other media have adapted to the changing technology environment by starting to offer online editions to cater to the needs of the public.
In the future, the trend towards more electronic delivery of the news will continue with more emphasis on the Internet, social media and other electronic delivery methods. However, while the method of delivery is changing, the newspaper and the industry still has a niche in the world. Main article: As of 2007, virtually all major printed newspapers have online editions distributed over the Internet which, depending on the country may be regulated by journalism organizations such as the in the UK. But as some publishers find their print-based models increasingly unsustainableWeb-based 'newspapers' have also started to appear, such as the in the UK and the, which stopped publishing in print after 149 years in March 2009 and became an online only paper. A new trend in newspaper publishing is the introduction of through technologies or with online news aggregator websites like. Customized newspapers allow the reader to create their individual newspaper through the selection of individual pages from multiple publications. This 'Best of' approach allows revival of the print-based model and opens up a new distribution channel to increase coverage beneath the usual boundaries of distribution.
Customized newspapers online have been offered by MyYahoo, I-Google, CRAYON, ICurrent.com, Kibboko.com, Twitter.times and many others. With these online newspapers, the reader can select how much of each section (politics, sports, arts, etc.) they wish to see in their news.
The newspaper has been a part of our daily life for several centuries. They have been a way for the public to be informed of important events that are occurring around the world. Newspapers have undergone dramatic changes over the course of history. Some of the earliest newspapers date back to Ancient Rome where important announcements were carved in stone tablets and placed in highly populated areas where citizens could be informed of the announcements. Organization and personnel.
The newsroom of Gazeta Lubuska in, Poland In the United States, the overall manager or chief executive of the newspaper is the publisher. In small newspapers, the owner of the publication (or the largest shareholder in the corporation that owns the publication) is usually the publisher. Although he or she rarely or perhaps never writes stories, the publisher is legally responsible for the contents of the entire newspaper and also runs the business, including hiring editors, reporters, and other staff members. This title is less common outside the U.S. The equivalent position in the film industry and television news shows is the executive producer. Most newspapers have four main departments devoted to publishing the newspaper itself—editorial, production/printing, circulation, and advertising, although they are frequently referred to by a variety of other names—as well as the non-newspaper-specific departments also found in other businesses of comparable size, such as accounting, marketing, human resources, and IT.
Throughout the English-speaking world, the person who selects the content for the newspaper is usually referred to as the editor. Variations on this title such as editor-in-chief, executive editor, and so on are common. For small newspapers, a single editor may be responsible for all content areas. At large newspapers, the most senior editor is in overall charge of the publication, while less senior editors may each focus on one subject area, such as local news or sports.
These divisions are called or 'desks', and each is supervised by a designated editor. Most newspaper editors the stories for their part of the newspaper, but they may share their workload with and.
A in 1905 selling the in Canada are journalists who primarily report facts that they have gathered and those who write longer, less news-oriented articles may be called feature writers. Photographers and provide images and illustrations to support articles. Journalists often specialize in a subject area, called a, such as sports, religion, or science. Columnists are journalists who write regular articles recounting their personal opinions and experiences. And press operators physically print the newspaper.
Printing is outsourced by many newspapers, partly because of the cost of an (the most common kind of press used to print newspapers) and also because a small newspaper's might require less than an hour of operation, meaning that if the newspaper had its own press it would sit idle most of the time. If the newspaper offers information online, and may be employed to upload stories to the newspaper's website. The staff of the liaise with retailers who sell the newspaper; sell subscriptions; and supervise distribution of the printed newspapers through the mail, by, at retailers, and through vending machines. Do not sell subscriptions, but they still have a circulation department responsible for distributing the newspapers. Sales staff in the advertising department not only sell ad space to clients such as local businesses, but also help clients design and plan their advertising campaigns. Other members of the advertising department may include, who design ads according to the customers' specifications and the department's policies. In an, there is no advertising department.
Zoned and other editions. Israeli daily newspaper, seen in its and English language editions Newspapers often refine distribution of ads and news through zoning and editioning. Zoning occurs when advertising and editorial content change to reflect the location to which the product is delivered.
The editorial content often may change merely to reflect changes in advertising—the quantity and layout of which affects the space available for editorial—or may contain region-specific news. In rare instances, the advertising may not change from one zone to another, but there will be different region-specific editorial content. As the content can vary widely, zoned editions are often produced in parallel. Editioning occurs in the main sections as news is updated throughout the night. The advertising is usually the same in each edition (with the exception of zoned regionals, in which it is often the 'B' section of local news that undergoes advertising changes).
As each edition represents the latest news available for the next press run, these editions are produced linearly, with one completed edition being copied and updated for the next edition. The previous edition is always copied to maintain a Newspaper of Record and to fall back on if a quick correction is needed for the press. For example, both and offer a regional edition, printed through a local contractor, and featuring locale specific content. The Journal's global advertising provides a good example of editioning. A broadsheet in Japan credited with having the largest newspaper circulation in the world Most modern newspapers are in one of three sizes:.: 600 mm × 380 mm (23½ × 15 inches), generally associated with more newspapers, although a trend towards 'compact' newspapers is changing this. Examples include in the United Kingdom.: half the size of broadsheets at 380 mm × 300 mm (15 × 11¾ inches), and often perceived as in contrast to broadsheets. Examples include, the,.
'Microdaily' is infrequently used to refer to a -sized that offers lower ad rates than its competitors. The content of a microdaily can range from intense local news coverage to a combination of local and national stories. or: 470 mm × 315 mm (18½ × 12¼ inches) used by European papers such as in France, in Italy, in Spain and, since 2005, in the United Kingdom. Newspapers are usually printed on cheap, off-white paper known as. Since the 1980s, the newspaper industry has largely moved away from lower-quality to higher-quality,. In addition, desktop computers, and digital and technologies have revolutionized the newspaper production process.
These technologies have enabled newspapers to publish color photographs and graphics, as well as innovative and better design. To help their titles stand out on newsstands, some newspapers are printed on coloured newsprint.
For example, the is printed on a distinctive salmon pink paper, and 's weekly sports publication derives its name, the, from the traditional colour of its paper. The Italian sports newspaper is also printed on pink paper while (formerly L'Auto) is printed on yellow paper. Both the latter promoted major cycling races and their newsprint colours were reflected in the colours of the jerseys used to denote the race leader; for example the leader in the wears a pink jersey. Circulation and readership.
Newspaper vendor, London, February 2005 The number of copies distributed, either on an average day or on particular days (typically Sunday), is called the newspaper's circulation and is one of the principal factors used to set advertising rates. Circulation is not necessarily the same as copies sold, since some copies or newspapers are distributed without cost. Readership figures may be higher than circulation figures because many copies are read by more than one person, although this is offset by the number of copies distributed but not read (especially for those distributed free). In the United States, the maintains historical and current data on average circulation of daily and weekly newspapers and other periodicals.
According to the, the daily circulation of the Soviet newspaper exceeded 21,500,000 in 1990, while the Soviet weekly boasted a circulation of 33,500,000 in 1991. According to United Nations data from 1995 Japan has three daily papers—the, and —with circulations well above 5.5 million. Germany's, with a circulation of 3.8 million, was the only other paper in that category. In the United Kingdom, is the top seller, with around 3.24 million copies distributed daily. In the U.S., The Wall Street Journal has a daily circulation of approximately 2.02 million, making it the most widely distributed paper in the country.
While paid readership of print newspapers has been steadily declining in the developed nations, it has been rising in the chief developing nations (Brazil, India, Indonesia, China and South Africa), whose paid daily circulation exceeded those of the developed nations for the first time in 2008. In India, is the largest-circulation English newspaper, with 3.14 million copies daily. According to the 2009 Indian Readership Survey, the Dainik Jagran is the most-read, local-language (Hindi) newspaper, with 55.7 million readers. According to of, India currently has daily newspaper circulation of 110 million copies. Buying a newspaper A common measure of a newspaper's health is market penetration, expressed as a percentage of households that receive a copy of the newspaper against the total number of households in the paper's market area.
In the 1920s, on a national basis in the U.S., daily newspapers achieved market penetration of 123 percent (meaning the average U.S. Household received 1.23 newspapers).
As other media began to compete with newspapers, and as printing became easier and less expensive giving rise to a greater diversity of publications, market penetration began to decline. It wasn't until the early 1970s, however, that market penetration dipped below 100 percent. By 2000, it was 53 percent and still falling.
Many paid-for newspapers offer a variety of subscription plans. For example, someone might want only a Sunday paper, or perhaps only Sunday and Saturday, or maybe only a subscription, or perhaps a daily subscription. Most newspapers provide some or all of their content on the Internet, either at no cost or for a fee.
In some cases, free access is available only for a matter of days or weeks, or for a certain number of viewed articles, after which readers must register and provide personal data. In other cases, free archives are provided. Advertising. 1938 Dutch newspaper advertisement for women's clothing sold at stores A newspaper typically generates 70–80% of its revenue from advertising, and the remainder from sales and subscriptions.
The portion of the newspaper that is not advertising is called editorial content, editorial matter, or simply editorial, although the last term is also used to refer specifically to those articles in which the newspaper and its guest writers express their opinions. (This distinction, however, developed over time – early publishers like Girardin (France) and Zang (Austria) did not always distinguish paid items from editorial content.). The of having advertising subsidize the cost of printing and distributing newspapers (and, it is always hoped, the making of a profit) rather than having subscribers cover the full cost was first done, it seems, in 1833 by, a daily paper that was published in New York City. Rather than charging 6 cents per copy, the price of a typical New York daily at the time, they charged 1-cent, and depended on advertising to make up the difference. US Newspaper Advertising Revenue - Newspaper Association of America published data Newspapers in countries with easy access to the have been hurt by the decline of many traditional advertisers.
Department stores and supermarkets could be relied upon in the past to buy pages of newspaper advertisements, but due to industry consolidation are much less likely to do so now. Additionally, newspapers are seeing traditional advertisers shift to new media platforms. The classified category is shifting to sites including, employment websites, and auto sites. National advertisers are shifting to many types of digital content including websites, rich media platforms, and mobile. In recent years, the emerged.
Advertorials are most commonly recognized as an which third parties pay a fee to have included in the paper. Commonly advertise new products or techniques, such as a new design for golf equipment, a new form of laser surgery, or weight-loss drugs. The tone is usually closer to that of a than of an objective.
Such articles are often clearly distinguished from editorial content through either the design and layout of the page or with a label declaring the article as an advertisement. However, there has been growing concern over the blurring of the line between editorial and advertorial content. Journalism. The editorial staff of newspaper 'Severnyi Kray' in, Russia in 1900 Since newspapers began as a journal (record of current events), the profession involved in the making of newspapers began to be called journalism. In the era of the 19th century, many newspapers in the United States relied on sensational stories that were meant to anger or excite the public, rather than to inform. The restrained style of reporting that relies on fact checking and accuracy regained popularity around.
Criticism of journalism is varied and sometimes vehement. Credibility is questioned because of anonymous sources; errors in facts, spelling, and grammar; real or perceived; and scandals involving and fabrication. In the past, newspapers have often been owned by so-called, and were used for gaining a political voice. After 1920 most major newspapers became parts of chains run by large media corporations such as, etc. Newspapers have, in the modern world, played an important role in the exercise of freedom of expression.
Whistle-blowers, and those who 'leak' stories of corruption in political circles often choose to inform newspapers before other mediums of communication, relying on the perceived willingness of newspaper editors to expose the secrets and lies of those who would rather cover them. However, there have been many circumstances of the political autonomy of newspapers being curtailed. Recent research has examined the effects of a newspaper's closing on the reelection of incumbents, voter turnout, and campaign spending.
Opinions of other writers and readers are expressed in the ('opposite the editorial page') and sections of the paper. Some ways newspapers have tried to improve their credibility are: appointing, developing ethics policies and training, using more stringent corrections policies, communicating their processes and rationale with readers, and asking sources to review articles after publication.
Impact of television and Internet. Newspaper press in, France By the late 1990s, the availability of news via and then the availability of posed an ongoing challenge to the of most newspapers in developed countries. Paid has declined, while advertising revenue—which makes up the bulk of most newspapers' income—has been shifting from print to the new media ( websites and news websites), resulting in a general decline in print newspapers' revenues and profits. Many newspapers around the world launched online editions in the 2000s, in an attempt to follow or stay ahead of their audience. One of the big challenges is that a number of online news websites, such as, are free to access. Some online news sites are free, and rely on online advertising; other online news sites have a and require paid subscription for access.
However, in the non-developed countries, cheaper printing and distribution, increased literacy, the growing middle class and other factors have more than compensated for the emergence of electronic media and newspapers continue to grow. On 10 April 1995, became the first daily Internet-based newspaper, with its own paid reporters around the world and all-original content. The editor-in-chief and founder is. The site is owned by 400 journalists. The future of newspapers in countries with high levels of Internet access has been widely debated as the industry has faced down soaring newsprint prices, slumping ad sales, the loss of much classified advertising to, and other websites, and precipitous drops in circulation. In the late 1990s the number of newspapers slated for closure, bankruptcy or severe cutbacks has risen—especially in the United States, where the industry has shed a fifth of its journalists since 2001. Revenue has plunged while competition from internet media has squeezed older print publishers.
The debate has become more urgent lately, as the 2008-2009 recession shaved newspapers' profits, and as once-explosive growth in newspaper web revenues has leveled off, forestalling what the industry hoped would become an important source of revenue. At issue is whether the newspaper industry faces a trough (or dip), or whether new technology has rendered print newspapers obsolete, at least in their traditional paper format. As of 2017, an increasing percentage of (young adults) get their news from websites such as. In the 2010s, many traditional newspapers have begun offering 'digital editions', which can be accessed via, and mobile devices such as and.
Online newspapers may offer new advertising opportunities to newspaper companies, as enables much more precise targeting of ads; with an online newspaper, for example, different readers, such as and can be sent different advertisements. See also. Footnotes.